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Ethnic difference in duration of pregnancy

1986, Vol. 13, No. 3 , Pages 259-265 (doi:10.1080/03014468600008431)

Henri Cohen, Anne Richard, Marcella Montes de Oca, and Josué Feingold
1Département d'Obstétrique et de Gynécologie-Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart

2Unité de Recherches INSERM de Génétique épidémiologique, Paris

Summary

It is suggested that the observed difference in duration of pregnancy between Blacks and Whites is partly physiological since it is not entirely explained by social inequities alone. This study compares women with well-defined gestational periods seeking attention at the Antoine Béclère Maternity Clinic.

Group A consists of French women of European ancestry, Group B, those born in the French Antilles of mixed ancestry, and Group C black African women with insignificant European admixture.

When compared to Group A, within each socio-economic class, group B and C have shorter gestational periods. These differences persist after adjustment for socio-economic variables, so that other explanations should be considered, specifically genetic determinants.

Zusammenfassung

Es wird geschlossen, daß der beobachtete Unterschied in der Schwangerschaftsdauer zwischen Schwarzen und Weißen teilweise physiologisch ist, da er durch soziale Ungleichheit allein nicht vollständig erklärt wird. Diese Untersuchung vergleicht Frauen mit gut definierten Gestationsperioden, die die Antoine Béclère-Frauenklinik besucht hatten. Die Gruppe A besteht aus französischen Frauen von europäischer Abstammung, Gruppe B aus Frauen, die auf den französischen Antillen geboren waren, mit gemischter Abstammung, und Gruppe C aus schwarzen afrikanischen Frauen, mit unbedeutender europider Beimischung. Im Vergleich mit der Gruppe A haben Gruppe B und C innerhalb jeder sozio-ökonomischen Klasse kürzere Gestationsperioden. Diese Unterschiede bestehen auch nach Korrektur auf sozio-ökonomische Variablen, sodaß andere Erklärungen berücksichtigt werden müssen, insbedondere genetische Bestimmung.

Résumé

Il est suggéré que la différence de durée de la grossesse observée entre Noirs et Blancs est partiellement physiologique vu qu'elle n'est pas entièrement expliquée par les seules inégalités sociales. Cette étude compare des femmes à durée de grossesse bien définie consultant à la Maternité Antoine Béclère. Le groupe A consiste en Françaises d'ascendance européenne, le groupe B en femmes nées aux Antilles françaises d'ascendance mélangée, et le groupe C en Africaines noires à composante européenne insignifiante dans leur lignée. Comparés au groupe A, dans chaque classe socio-économique, les groupes B et C ont des durées de grossesse plus courtes. Ces différences persistent après ajustement pour les variables socio-économiques, de sorte que d'autres explications devraient ètre considérées, particulièrement des déterminants génétiques.

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The average length of gestation is about 5 days shorter in black populations than in white populations. Although some of this difference is accounted for by higher preterm delivery rates in blacks, the most common gestational week of delivery at term is the 39th in black populations, the 40th in white. Black gestational age specific neonatal mortality is lower than that of whites until the 37th week of gestation, but higher thereafter.

These observations suggest the hypothesis that complications of postmaturity occur sooner in black fetuses. If this hypothesis is confirmed, antepartum surveillance for signs of fetal compromise should be initiated earlier in gestation in black parturients, perhaps by setting the estimated date of confinement at 275 days after the LMP, rather than the conventional 280 days.

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In studies, researchers have found that black and Asian women may actually have shorter pregnancies which would make them full-term at 39 weeks. Allowing their pregnancies to progress past 41 weeks might prove dangerous.

One of the signs that marks a baby's readiness for birth is meconium in the amniotic fluid. Researches noticed meconium was present earlier in the fluid of black and Asian women, which means that their babies are ready to be born sooner. It also suggests that the pregnancies of black and Asian women actually tend to be shorter.

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White women have the widest pelvises of all when compared to black women and Asian women. White babies also tend to be longer and heavier and have larger heads than babies of other races. Because of this, birth outcomes are quite different among different races. For one, C-section rates are highest among minority women in the US and lowest among white women. White women have the biggest babies and larger pelvises to push through.

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